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ELENA AFIRMATIVA

A: Learning not to reproduce stereotypes

Project selected for the Mulier Mulieris 2014 International Call at the Museum of the University of Alicante, and later selected for exhibition in the Sala de Máquinas at Centro Párraga (Murcia) in 2018 as part of “Utopian De-education: Strategies to Subvert the Canonical,” alongside works by Marina Núñez and Jesús Martínez Oliva, curated by Daniel Soriano. 

The project A: Learning Not to Reproduce Stereotypes arose from a critical review of children’s copybooks and activity books that invite writing, reading, and copying sentences. The analysis reveals a systematic disproportionality: whenever a gendered subject appears (proper names, “man,” “woman”), masculine forms are almost always privileged and simplified roles are reproduced. The review also confirms a second, significant gap: there is virtually no trace of non-normative identities (non-binary, intersex, or intergender); nor is there anything in those books that would enable children to recognize and name that diversity. This double absence (imbalance and erasure) should not be treated as anecdotal, because in early childhood the sustained repetition of sentences shapes expectations and possibilities of identification: “On ne naît pas femme: on le devient.” (Beauvoir, 1949/2010, p. 285). Drawing on a corpus of sentences gathered from different didactic materials, the project designs an artist’s workbook inspired by the aesthetics of Cuadernos Rubio (see explanation below). On the one hand, the workbook displays the original sentences, making evident both the over-representation of the masculine and the absence of formulations that include intergender/non-binary identities. On the other, visitors are invited to intervene in the workbook: instead of copying, they are asked to propose new sentences that deactivate stereotypes and expand the repertoire of possible subjects, explicitly including non-binary and intergender identities. The piece is activated as a public writing device. Each contribution is recorded on standardized sheets which, at the end of the exhibition, are bound to produce a notebook-archive: a plural, documentary, and propositional work that shows the shift from the initial biased repertoire toward an expanded lexicon. To facilitate circulation of the material, a digital version is also produced and made available to participants upon request. This procedure extends the work beyond the exhibition period, enabling subsequent pedagogical uses and critical re-readings. It underscores that copying can be a learning exercise without replicating bias, and that linguistic literacy should be accompanied by relational and ethical literacy. Cuadernos Rubio (handwriting workbooks) are classic Spanish practice notebooks, widely used since the mid-20th century to teach penmanship and basic skills (letters, numbers, calligraphy strokes) through graded, repetitive exercises. They’re a cultural staple in Spanish primary education, recognizable for their simple layouts and progressive difficulty. Beauvoir, S. de. (2010). El segundo sexo (A. M. Martín, Trans.). Cátedra. (Original work published 1949).

© 2025 Created by Elena Afirmativa López-Martín

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